三、高中语法—【宾语从句】讲解
高中语法宾语从句讲解
学习宾语从句要抓住三要素：连接词、语序和时态。
一、宾语从句的定义：宾语从句在复合句中起宾语的作用，可以作动词的宾语，也可以做介词的宾语
作动词的宾语：I heard that he would come here later on.
主语
谓语动词 一个句子作宾语
作介词的宾语:
He said nothing about who broke the window last
night.
主语
谓语动词 代词作动词的宾语 介词 一个句子作介词的宾语
二、宾语从句中引导词(连接词)的用法。在复合句中作主句的宾语，引导词有：
连词：that
(that 常可省略),whether,
if
代词：who,
whose, what ,which
副词：when
,where, how, why 等。
一)、连词：that
(that 常可省略),whether,
if
He
told me (that he would) go to the college the next year 他告诉我他明年上大学.
I
don’t know if there will be a bus any more. 我不知道是否还会有公交车.
Nobody
knew whether he could pass the exam. 没有人知道他是否会通过考试.
1、that引导的宾语从句(在非正式场合that可以省略)
可跟that从句做宾语的动词有：
say,
think, insist, wish, hope, demand, imagine, wonder, know, suppose,
see, believe, agree, admit,
deny,
expect, explain, order, command, feel, dream, suggest, hear, mean,
notice, prefer, request,
require,
propose, declare, report等。
The
boy believes that he will travel through space to other planets.
注意：宾语从句的否定转移
当主句谓语动词是think, believe, suppose, expect 等词，而宾语从句的意思是否定时，常把否定转移至主句表示。I don’t think it is right for him to treat you like that.
主句的谓语动词是think,believe,imagine,suppose,consider,expect,fancy,guess等,并且主句的主语是第一人称而且为一般现在时,从句的否定词一般要转移到主句上来,其反义疑问句一般与宾语从句一致.
I
don’t believe that man is killed by Jim,is he?我认为那个人不是Jim所杀的,是不是?
I
expect our English teacher will be back this weekend, won't she/he?
We
suppose you have finished the project, haven't you?
如果宾语从句中有某个含有否定意义的形容词或副词(不包含带有否定前缀的词，如：unhappy，unfair，dislike等),其反义疑问句要用肯定形式.
We
find that he never listens to the teacher carefully, does he?
我们发现他从不仔细听老师讲课，是不是？
当主句的主语是第二、三人称时，其反义疑问句一般与主句保持一致。
Your
sister supposes she needs no help, doesn't she?
You
thought they could have completed the project, didn't you?
They
don't believe she's an engineer, do they?
She
doesn't expect that we are coming so soon, does she?
在以下情况中that不能省略
1、当句中的动词后接多于两个由that引导的宾语从句时，第一个that可省，但后面的that不可省。
I
believe(that)you have done your best and that things will get better.
2、当主句的谓语动词与that宾语从句之间有插入语时，that一般不可省。
Just
then I noticed, for the first time, that our master was wearing his
fine green coat and his black
silk
cap.
3、当that从句是双宾语中的直接宾语时，that不可省。
I
can’t tell him that his mother died.
4、当it作形式宾语时
例句：She
made it clear that she had nothing to do with him．
许多带复合宾语的句子，that引导的宾语从句经常移到句子后部，而用it作形式宾语。
5、当宾语从句前置时That
our team will win，I
believe．
6、当that作learn,suggest,explain,agree,wonder,prove,mean,state,feel,hold等动词的宾语时;
2、由whether,if引导的宾语从句
当由一般疑问句充当宾语从句时，用if或whether引导，意为“是否”。如：
I
don't know if /whether he still lives here after so many
years．我不知道这么多年后他是否还住在这儿。
但在下列情况下只能用whether，不能用if：
①在具有选择意义，又有or或or
not时，尤其是直接与or
not连用时，往往用whether(if…or
not也可
以使用)。如：
Let
me know whether /if he will come or not．(＝Let
me know whether or not he will come)
让我知道他是否能来。
I
don't know whether /if he does any washing or not．(＝I
don't know whether or not he does any
washing．)我不知道他洗不洗衣服。
I
wonder whether we stay or whether wego．我不知道我们是去还是留。
②在介词之后用whether。如：
I'm
interested in whether he likes English．我关心的是他是否喜欢英语。
We're
thinking about whether we can finish the work on time.
我们正在考虑是否能按时完成这项工作。
③在不定式前用whether。如：
He
hasn't decided whether to visit the old man．他尚未决定是否拜访那位老人。
He
hasn't decided whether to go by bus or by train．他还未决定是乘公共汽车去还是坐火车去。
④whether置于句首时，不能换用if。如：
Whether
this is true or not，I
can't say．这是否真的我说不上来。
⑤引导主语从句和表语从句时宜用whether。如：
Whether
she will come or not is still a question．她是否能来还是个问题。
⑥若用if会引起歧义时，则用whether。如：
Please
let me know if you like the book．可理解为：
If
you like the book，please
let me know．你如果喜欢这本书，请告诉我
只能用if不能用whether引导的宾语从句
①if引导条件状语从句，意为“如果”The
students will go on a picnic if it is sunny.
②if引导否定概念的宾语从句时He
asked if I didn’t come to school yesterday.
③引导状语从句even
if(即使)和as
if(好象)时He
talks as if he has known all about it.
二)、连接代词和连接副词引导的宾语从句
这样的宾语从句实际上是由特殊疑问句变化而来的，宾语从句要用陈述句语序。用于这种结构的动词
常常是：see,
say, tell, ask, answer, know, decide, show, find out, imagine,
suggest, doubt, wonder,
discover,
understand, inform, advise等。
①连接代词：who,whom,whose,which,what,在句中担任主语、宾语、定语或者表语。
连接代词一般指疑问,但what,
whatever除了指疑问外,也可以指陈述.
Do
you know who has won Red Alert game?
你知道是谁赢得了红色警报的游戏么？
The
book will show you what the best CEOs should know.
这本书会告诉你最好的执行总裁该了解什么.
Have
you determined whichever you should buy,a Motorola or Nokia cell
phone?
你决定好是买诺基亚还是摩托罗拉的电话了吗?
②连接副词有：when,where,why,how，在句中担任状语的成分。
He
didn’t tell me when we should meet again. 他没有告诉我什么时候我们能再见面.
Could
you please tell me how you use the new panel?
你能告诉我怎么用这个新的操作盘吗?
None
of us knows where these new parts can be bought.
没有人知道这些的新的零件能在哪里买到.
三、宾语从句的语序
无论主句是陈述句还是疑问句，宾语从句都必须使用陈述语序，即“主句＋连词＋宾语从句(主语＋谓语＋……)”句式。根据连接词在从句中所担任的不同成分，可分为以下四种：
1)连接词＋谓语。连接词在从句中作主语。常见的连接词有：who，what，which等。如：
Could
you tell me who knows the answer，please？你能告诉我谁知道答案吗？
The
small children don't know what is in their
stockings．这些小孩子不知道袜子里有什么东西？
2)连接词＋名词＋谓语。连接词在从句中作主语的定语。常见的连接词有：whose，what，which，how
many，how
much等。如：
He
asked whose handwriting was the best in our class．他问我们班上谁的书法最好。
The
teacher asked us how many people there were in the room．老师问我们房间里有多少人。
3)连接词＋主语＋谓语。连接词在从句中作宾语、状语或表语。常见的连接词有：who(m)，what，which，
how
many，how
much，when，why，how，where，if／whether(在句中不充当任何成分)等。如：
He
hasn't decided if he'll go on a trip to Wuxi．他还没决定是否去无锡旅行。
Could
you tell me what I should do with the money ？你能告诉我我如何处理这笔钱吗？
4)连接词＋名词＋主语＋谓语。连接词在从句中作宾语或表语的定语。常见的连接词有：what，which，
how
many，how
much，how等。如：
Do
you know which class he is in ？你知道他在哪个班吗？
She
asked me if I knew whose pen it was．她问我是否知道这是谁的钢笔。
四、宾语从句的时态
时态：
主句是一般现在时，从句根据实际情况使用任何时态。
例句：The headmaster hopes everything goes well.
主句是过去时态，从句须用过去时态的某种形式。
例句：She was sorry that she hadn’t finished her work on time.
当宾语从句表示的是一个客观真理或者事实时，即使主句是过去时，从句也用一般现在时态。
例句：The teacher told his class that light travels faster than sound.
注意：
运用虚拟语气的情况
在表示：建议suggest、advise、propose；要求demand、desire、request；
决定decide；命令order、command、require；坚决主张insist；
等动词后跟宾语从句，用(should)+v．(虚拟语气)
Eg：I
suggested that you(should)study hard.
He
ordered that we should go out at once.
虚拟语气的用法
虚拟语气是一种动词形式，表示说话人的一种愿望，假设，怀疑，猜测，建议等含义，虚拟语气所表
示的含义不是客观存在的事实。
虚拟语气的用法：
1)虚拟语气用在简单句中，表示祝愿，命令。如：
May
you be happy. 祝你幸福。
May
you have a good time. 祝愿你玩得痛快。
May
the friendship between us last long. 祝愿我们的友情天长地久。
Have
a good journey! 祝愿你旅途愉快！
You
go out！
你出去！
2)虚拟语气用在宾语从句中：动词wish,
suggest,order,insist, propose,等词后面的宾语从句表示的是
一种虚拟语气，宾语从句中的动词动作表示的只是一种愿望、要求。如：
I
wish she would be on my side. 我希望她能站在我一边。
I
wish I could help him. 我希望我能帮助他。
He
insisted that all of us should be there on time by any means.
他坚持要我们大家想尽办法按时去那儿。
动词demand,
suggest, order, insist, propose 后面的从句中，"should"可以省略。如：
The
teacher suggested that we (should) clean the blackboard after class.
老师建议我们课后把黑板擦了。
He
ordered that the students wash the clothes every week by themselves.
他要求学生每周都要自己洗衣服。
3)虚拟语气用在主语从句中：在句型"It
is important (necessary, strange, natural) that .... " 中，that后
面的从句中的谓语动词用：should
- 动词原形，如：
It's
necessary that we should have a walk now. 我们有必要出去散散步。
It's
natural that she should do so. 她这样做是很自然的。
It's
important that we should take good care of the patient. 重要的是我们要照顾好病人。
4)虚拟语气用在状语从句中：虚拟语气最多地用在表示条件的状语从句和表示结果的从句中。在表示与
事实相反的虚拟语气时，动词有三种时态形式，即现在、过去和将来。
A、与现在事实相反的：If
I (we,you,he,they)+ 动词过去式..
if I (he,she) were... I (we) should + 动词原
形。He
(you,they) would + 动词原形。
B、与过去事实相反的：If
I(we,you,he,they)+ had + 过去分词I(we)should
- have+ 过去分词。
He
(you,they) would + have + 过去分词。
If
I were you, I should buy it. 如果我是你，我就买了它。
If
I had time, I would study French. 如果我有时间，我会学习法语的。
If
she knew English,she would not ask me for help. 如果她懂英语的话，她不会找我帮忙的。
If
you had got up earlier, you could have caught the train.如果你早一点起床，就会赶上火车的。
If
it were fine tomorrow,I would go shopping. 如果明天天气好，我就去买东西。
明白了虚拟语气的用法就会明白什么时候需要用虚拟语气了，在表示说话人的一种愿望，假设，怀疑，猜测，建议等含义，或表示的含义不是客观存在的事实时需要用虚拟语气。
简化宾语从句常用六法
同学们常会遇到把含有宾语从句的复合句转化为简单句，使其与原句意思相同(或相近)的试题。下
面就介绍几种常用的简化宾语从句的方法：
方法一：当主句谓语动词是hope，decide，wish，choose，agree，promise等，且宾语从句的
主语与主句主语一致时，宾语从句可简化为不定式结构。例如：
Li
Ming hopes he will be back very soon. →Li Ming hopes to be back
very soon.
We
decided that we would help him. →We decided to help him.
方法二：当主句谓语动词是know，learn，remember，forget，tell等动词，且主句主语与从句主语
一致时，宾语从句可简化为“疑问词+不定式”结构。例如：
She
has forgotten how she can open the window. →She has forgotten how
to open the window.
注：当主句谓语动词是tell,
ask, show, teach等动词，且后带双宾语，从句主语和间接宾语一致时，宾
语从句可简化为“疑问词+不定式”结构。例如：
Could
you tell me how I can get to the station？
→Could
you tell me how to get to the station？
方法三：当主句的谓语动词是order(命令)，require(需要)等时，如果主句和从句的主语不一致，宾语从
句可简化为“名词(代词)+不定式”结构。例如：
The
headmaster ordered that we should start at once. → The headmaster
ordered us to start at
once.
方法四：某些动词后的宾语从句，可以用介词加动名词(短语)等其他形式简化。例如：
He
insisted that he should go with us. →He insisted on going with us.
The
poor boy doesn’t know when and where he was born. →The poor boy
doesn’t know the time
and
the place of his birth.
方法五：某些动词后面的宾语从句可转化为“宾语+V-ing形式(作宾语补足语)”结构。例如：
Liu
Ping found that there was a wallet lying on the ground. → Liu Ping
found a wallet lying on the
ground.
方法六：动词seem后的宾语从句，也可以用不定式(短语)来简化，但句型需要进行适当的变化。例如：
It
seemed that the boys were going to win. →The boys seemed to win.
除上述方法外，还有一些特殊句式的转化。例如：
I
found that it was difficult to learn English well. →I found it
difficult to learn English well.
Soon
we found that the ground was covered with thick snow. →Soon we
found the ground
covered
with thick snow.
They
found that the box was very heavy. →They found the box very heavy.